Reconnaissable \u00e0 sa silhouette sombre et primitive, le Grand Cormoran est un oiseau d’eau omnipr\u00e9sent en Europe. Souvent observ\u00e9 perch\u00e9 sur un piquet ou un rocher, les ailes grandes ouvertes en forme de croix, il est \u00e0 la fois admir\u00e9 pour ses prouesses de p\u00eacheur et d\u00e9cri\u00e9 pour son app\u00e9tit vorace.<\/p>\n
Une anatomie con\u00e7ue pour la plong\u00e9e<\/b> Ce grand oiseau (jusqu’\u00e0 1,60 m d’envergure) est une v\u00e9ritable machine biologique adapt\u00e9e au milieu aquatique. Ses pattes sont totipalm\u00e9es<\/b>, c’est-\u00e0-dire que ses quatre doigts sont reli\u00e9s par une membrane, ce qui en fait des propulseurs ultra-puissants. Son bec, long et puissant, se termine par un crochet ac\u00e9r\u00e9, id\u00e9al pour saisir des proies glissantes comme les anguilles ou les poissons \u00e0 \u00e9cailles. Ses yeux, d’un vert \u00e9meraude per\u00e7ant, sont adapt\u00e9s pour rep\u00e9rer les mouvements sous l’eau, m\u00eame en eaux troubles.<\/p>\n
Le paradoxe du plumage<\/b> La caract\u00e9ristique la plus fascinante du cormoran est son plumage perm\u00e9able<\/b>. Contrairement aux canards dont les plumes repoussent l’eau, celles du cormoran s’imbibent. C’est un sacrifice \u00e9volutif : en laissant l’eau chasser l’air de ses plumes, il s’alourdit, ce qui lui permet de plonger profond\u00e9ment et rapidement sans subir la pouss\u00e9e d’Archim\u00e8de (flottabilit\u00e9). En contrepartie, une fois sa p\u00eache termin\u00e9e, il risque l’hypothermie et p\u00e8se trop lourd pour voler efficacement. Il est donc contraint de passer de longues heures \u00e0 s\u00e9cher ses ailes au vent et au soleil, offrant cette posture d’\u00e9tandard si caract\u00e9ristique.<\/p>\n
Un chasseur insatiable<\/b> Piscivore strict, le cormoran consomme entre 400 et 700 grammes de poisson par jour. Il chasse en plongeant depuis la surface, capable d’atteindre 30 m\u00e8tres de profondeur et de rester en apn\u00e9e plus d’une minute. Cette efficacit\u00e9 en fait le cauchemar des pisciculteurs et des p\u00eacheurs, cr\u00e9ant un conflit permanent entre la protection de l’esp\u00e8ce et les int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques humains.<\/p>\n
Vie sociale et habitat<\/b> L’oiseau est tr\u00e8s gr\u00e9gaire. Il niche en colonies bruyantes, souvent dans de grands arbres ou sur des falaises. Ses d\u00e9jections (guano) sont si acides qu’elles finissent par br\u00fbler et tuer les arbres qui supportent les nids. En hiver, les cormorans se regroupent en immenses dortoirs pour la nuit. En vol, ils adoptent souvent une formation en \u00ab\u00a0V\u00a0\u00bb ou en ligne pour \u00e9conomiser leur \u00e9nergie, s’entraidant face \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance de l’air.<\/p>\n
Statut et Pr\u00e9dation<\/b> Menac\u00e9 de disparition dans les ann\u00e9es 1970, le Grand Cormoran est aujourd’hui une esp\u00e8ce prot\u00e9g\u00e9e dont la population a explos\u00e9. 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